You can do better than following guidelines: improving focus and consistency of the stimulation over multiple subjects, personalized montages boost tCS towards clinical applications.


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It’s a dire truth that most drugs people are prescribed will fail to help them. Take the US top-selling medicament for high-cholesterol (Rosuvastatin), or the one routinely used to treat asthma (Fluticasone propionate): they can improve the conditions only for 1 patient in 20. And they are not exceptions. In fact, the success rate of […]

Autism spectrum disorder: insights on what is happening in the brain


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More than 1% people are autistic. People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) mainly present problems in social communication and interaction, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities. Hence, children with ASD may have problems understanding gestures, spoken language, spoken metaphors, recognising own and others’ emotions, and feel overwhelmed in social situations. They […]

Algorithmic complexity of EEG for neurodegenerative disease progression


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As we have already discussed in a previous blog on Brain Consciousness and Complexity, algorithmic complexity is an intrinsic property of the brain dynamics, and be estimated through the Lempel-Ziv-Welch algorithm from the EEG (electroencephalogram) signals (Figure X0). In this blog we discuss our recent paper on the relationship between algorithmic complexity and prognosis of […]

The importance of modeling in tCS


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Let’s face it: frogs are not the most glamorous of animals…However, we owe a great deal to them! In 1780, Luigi Galvani found out that muscles of frog’s legs would twitch if in contact with electrical stimuli. Today we know that this is due to one remarkable property of biological tissues: the fact that they […]

Clustering Methods in Exploratory Analysis


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Clustering methods are in charge of grouping sets of data objects with the aim of finding relationships within the objects that compose the data. Such a process allows the data scientist to find similarities within the data, draw inferences, find hidden patterns and also to reconstruct a possibly underlying data structure. For example the relative […]

Monitoring effects of Transcranial Current Stimulation with EEG, fMRI, MEG, NIRS.


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Transcranial current stimulation (tCS) seems to be a powerful tool to make the link between brain function and disease. This has been demonstrated in current research. However, we have yet to fully understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of tCS. The goal of combining tCS with neurophysiological and neuroimaging tools is twofold: a) these techniques can […]

Heart beat monitoring – what can we learn?


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Heart monitoring is becoming increasingly popular with the availability of health monitoring wristbands. Most of these units have built-in microprocessors that analyze the recorded signals (*1) to determine the heart rate – the frequency of the cardiac cycle (beats per minute). But, besides the heart rate, what can we learn from our heart? The cardiac […]